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Table 2 Characteristics of the corticosteroid injection used in each trial

From: Corticosteroid injection for plantar heel pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Trial

Drug

Local anaesthetic

Ultrasound guidance

Needle placement

Abdihakin (2012) [20]

Methylprednisolone acetate

Lidocaine 1%

No

NR

Acosta-Olivo (2017) [21]

Dexamethasone isonicotinate

Lidocainea

No

Point of maximal tenderness

Afsar (2015) [22]

NR

Lidocaine 1%

No

NR

Babaei-Ghazani (2019) [23]

Methylprednisolone acetate

Lidocaine 1%

Yes

Within the plantar fascia

Ball (2012) [24]

Methylprednisolone acetate

None. Skin anesthetized

Yes

Superficial to the plantar fascia enthesis

Celik (2015) [25]

Methylprednisolone acetate

Prilocaine 2%

No

Around the plantar fascia

Crawford (1999) [26]

Prednisolone acetate

Lidocaine 1%

No

Within flexor digitorum brevis

Diaz-Llopis (2012) [27]

Betamethasone acetate and betamethasone disodium phosphate

Mepivacaine 1%

No

Deep to quadratus plantae, near the plantar fascia insertion

Elizondo-Rodriguez (2013) [28]

Dexamethasone isonicotinate

Lidocaine 2%

No

Superior to the plantar fascia

Eslamian (2016) [29]

Methylprednisolone acetate

Lidocaine 2%

No

NR

Guevara Serna (2017) [30]

Methylprednisolone acetate

Lidocainea

No

Point of maximal tenderness

Guner (2013) [31]

Methylprednisolone acetate

Lidocaine 2%

No

Peppering the plantar fascia

Hanselman (2015) [32]

Methylprednisolone acetate

Bupivacaine 0.5%

No

Inserted to calcaneal periosteum then ‘dragged’ across plantar fascia

Hocaoglu (2017) [33]

Betamethasone sodium phosphate

Prilocainea

Yes

Into the thickest part of the plantar fascia, distal to its insertion on the calcaneus

Huo (2018) [34]

Betamethasonea

Lidocaine 2%

Yes

Within the thickest part of the plantar fascia

Jain (2015) [35]

Triamcinolone acetonide

Levobupivacainea

No

Peppering the plantar fascia

Jain (2018) [36]

Methylprednisolone acetate

Lidocaine 2%

No

Point of maximal tenderness

Johannsen (2019) [37]

Methylprednisolone acetate

Lidocaine 1%

Yes

NR

Karimzadeh (2017) [38]

Methylprednisolone acetate

Lidocainea

No

Point of maximal tenderness

Kiter (2006) [39]

Methylprednisolone acetate

Prilocaine 2%

No

NR

Kriss (2003) [40]

Triamcinolone hexacetonide

NR

No

NR

Lai (2018) [41]

Triamcinolone acetonide

Lidocaine 2%

No

NR

Lee (2007) [42]

Triamcinolone acetonide

Lidocaine 1%

No

Origin of the plantar fascia

Li (2014) [43]

Triamcinolone acetonide

Lidocaine 2%

No

Point of maximal tenderness

Mahindra (2016) [44]

Methylprednisolone acetate

NR

No

Peppering the plantar fascia

Mardani-Kivi (2015) [45]

Methylprednisolone acetate

Lidocaine 2%

No

Point of maximal tenderness

McMillan (2012) [46]

Dexamethasone sodium phosphate

Nil – provided tibial block

Yes

Within the plantar fascia

Monto (2014) [47]

Methylprednisolone acetate

Field block to the skin of bupivacaine 0.5%

Yes

NR

Mulherin (2009) [48]

Methylprednisolonea

Lidocaine 1%

No

Within the plantar fascia

Omar (2012) [49]

NR

NR

No

NR

Porter (2005) [50]

Betamethasonea

Lidocaine 1%

No

Point of maximal tenderness

Rastegar (2018) [51]

Methylprednisolone acetate

NR

No

Point of maximal tenderness

Ryan (2014) [52]

Dexamethasonea

Lidocaine 1%

No

Point of maximal tenderness

Saber (2012) [53]

Betamethasone diproprionate and betamethasone sodium phosphate

Lidocaine 0.5%

Yes

Within the plantar fascia

Serbest (2013) [54]

Betamethasone acetate and betamethasone sodium phosphate

Prilocaine 2%

No

Point of maximal tenderness

Shetty (2019) [55]

Methylprednisolone acetate

Lidocaine 1%

No

Peppering the point of maximal tenderness

Sorrentino (2008) [56]

Methylprednisolone acetate

Mepivacaine 3%

Yes

Within the plantar fascia

Tiwari (2013) [57]

Methylprednisolone acetate

Lidocaine 2%

No

Point of maximal tenderness

Ugurlar (2018) [58]

Betamethasonea

Bupivacaine 0.5%

Yes

Point of maximal tenderness

Uygur (2018) [59]

Methylprednisolone acetate

Bupivacaine 0.5%

No

Between the plantar fascia and the periosteum, with peppering

Vahdatpour (2016) [60]

Methylprednisolone acetate

Lidocainea

No

Point of maximal tenderness

Whittaker (2019) [61]

Betamethasone acetate and betamethasone sodium phosphate

Bupivacaine 0.5%

Yes

Deep and superficial to the plantar fascia

Yesiltas (2015) [62]

Triamcinolonea (mixed with distilled water)

NR

No

NR

Yucel (2010) [63]

Betamethasone diproprionate and betamethasone sodium phosphate

Prilocaine 2%

No

Point of maximal tenderness

Yucel (2013) [64]

Betamethasone diproprionate and betamethasone sodium phosphate

Lidocainea

Yes

Within the plantar fascia

Yuzer (2006) [65]

Betamethasone diproprionate and betamethasone sodium phosphate

Prilocaine 2%

No

Point of maximal tenderness

Zamani (2014) [66]

Methylprednisolone acetate

NR

No

Point of maximal tenderness

  1. Abbreviations: NR Not reported
  2. aNo other information provided