New physical examination tests for lumbar spondylolisthesis and instability: low midline sill sign and interspinous gap change during lumbar flexion-extension motion

Table 1 Clinical data of study subjects

	Low midline sill sign group (Group A, n = 96)	Interspinous gap change group (Group B, n = 73)
Age (years, mean ± SD)	52.8 ± 13.9	56.2 ± 12.4
Gender (M/F)	31 / 65	19 / 54
Pain level (mean ± SD)	5.3 ± 1.3	7.1 ± 2.0
Radiographic findings other than spondylolisthesis and instability (%)
Scoliosis	55 (57.3)	14 (19.2)
Disc space narrowing	40 (41.7)	57 (78.1)
Osteophyte	54 (56.3)	38 (52.1)
Lumbarisation	6 (6.3)	2 (2.7)

Pain level was evaluated on a 10-point numeric rating scale, where 0 was no pain and 10 was the maximum severity of pain.

ISSN: 1471-2474