From: Wearable systems for shoulder kinematics assessment: a systematic review
Reference, Year, Type of publication | Sensors, Brand | Placement and wearability | Target shoulder parameters, Performance | Gold standard | Task executed | Participants | Aim |
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Cutti 2008, [37] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 4), Xsens MT9B | Unilateral: Thorax (flat portion of the sternum), Scapula (central third, aligned with the cranial edge of the scapular spine), humerus (central third, slightly posterior), FA (distal) Double-sided tape, elastic cuff | Sh ROM (HT and ST joint angles) RMSE = 0.2°-3.2° | VICON | Exp 1: elb FLX-EXT, PR-SU sh FLX-EXT, IER, sh EL-DE and P-R Exp 2: tasks in Exp1 + sh IER (arm abducted 90°), sh AB-AD (frontal plane), HTN (sagittal and frontal plane) | HS (n = 1, M) | Develop a protocol to measure humerothoracic, scapulothoracic and elbow kinematics |
Parel 2012, [65] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 3), Xsens MTx | Unilateral: thorax, scapula, humerus Elastic cuff, adhesive | Sh ROM (HT and ST joint angles) | – | Humerus FLX-EXT (sagittal plane) and AB-AD (scapular plane) | HS (n = 20) 7F, 13 M 28.3 ± 5.5 Y P (n = 20) 8F, 12 M 43.9 ± 19.9 Y | Assess the inta- and inter-operator agreement of ISEO protocol in measuring scapulohumeral rhythm |
Daponte 2013a, [66] Conference | M-IMU (n = 2), Zolertia Z1 | Unilateral: UA, FA Brace | Sh ROM | – | Sh AB-AD Elb FLX | HS (n = 1) | Discuss design and implementation of a home rehabilitation system |
Daponte 2013b, [67] Conference | M-IMU (n = 2), Zolertia Z1 | Unilateral: UA, FA Brace | Sh ROM, Test1: max gap = 6.5° (roll) 5.2° (pitch) 11.6° (yaw) | Test 1: Tecno Body MJS Test 2: BTS | Test 1: shoulder IR, EL-DE and horizontal FLX-EXT Test 2: elbow FLX-EXT (along sagittal and horizontal plane) | HS (n = 1, M) | Validation of a home rehabilitation system |
Pan 2013, [68] Full-Text | Acc (n = 2), LIS3LV02DQ Acc built-in a Smartphone (n = 1) | Unilateral: -acc: UA, thorax -Smartphone: wrist Strap, Armband | Sh ROM (HT joint angles) | – | Touch ear Use fingers to climb wall Pendulum clockwise and counter clockwise Active-assisted stretch fore and side, raises hand from back | HS (n = 10) 3 M, 7 F 20-25Y P (n = 14) 5 M, 9 F 44–67 Y | Describe design and implementation of a shoulder joint home-based rehabilitation monitoring system |
Thiemjarus 2013, [69] Conference | Acc (n = 1), Analog Device (acc: ADXL330) Magn (n = 1), Honeywell (magn: HMC5843) | Unilateral: UA (proximal) or wrist, left or right Strap | Sh ROM, RMSE = 0.86°-5.05° | – | Sh FLX-EXT, AB-AD, horizontal AB-AD, IER | HS, (n = 23) 20–55 Y | Evaluate the effect of sensor placement on the estimation accuracy of shoulder ROM |
Rawashdeh 2015, [70] Conference | M-IMU (n = 1), InvenSense (gyr: ITG-3200) Analog Device (acc: ADXL 345) Honeywell (magn: HMC5883L) | Unilateral: UA (lateral) Strap | Sh ROM | – | 7 sh rehabilitation exercises 2 sports activities | HS (n = 11) | Describe a detection and classification method of shoulder motion gestures that can be used to prevent shoulder injury |
Álvarez 2016, [71] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 4), Xsens MTx | Unilateral: Back of the hand, FA (near wrist), UA (near elbow), back Wristband, Velcro strap, elastic band | Sh ROM, Lab test: mean error = 0.06° (FLX) 1.05° (lateral deviation) | Lab test: robotic wrist | Test1: Mounting of a shock dumper system Test2: holding a tablet for long periods Test3: elbow FLX-EXT | Test1: Mechanical worker (n = 1) Test2: worker of a commercial centre (n = 1) Test3: patient (n = 1) | Demonstrate the feasibility of an IMU-based system to measure upper limb joint angles in occupational health |
Lee 2016, [72] Conference | Strain sensor (n = 2), MWCNT, Hyosung: multi-walled carbon nanotubes, EcoFlex0030, Smooth-On: silicon rubber | Unilateral: Shoulder Skin adhesive | Sh ROM, RMSE<10° | OptiTrack | Sh FLX-EXT Sh AB-AD | HS (n = 1) | Validate sensors and calibration method estimating two shoulder joint angles |
Tran e Vajerano 2016, [73] Conference | M-IMU (n = 2), Shimmer2r | Unilateral: UA (distal, near elbow), FA (distal, near wrist) Straps | Sh ROM (HT joint angles) | – | Periodic arm movements | HS (n = 1) | Validate an algorithm to predict the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and the future joint-angle values of the user |
Rawashdeh 2016, [74] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 1), InvenSense (gyr: ITG-3200) Analog Device (acc: ADXL 345) Honeywell (magn: HMC5883L) | Unilateral: UA (central third) Straps | Sh ROM (HT motion) | Visual observation | 7 sh rehabilitation exercises, baseball throws, volley serves | HS (n = 11) 25 ± 7 Y | Validate a detection and classification algorithm of upper limb movements |
Wu 2016, [75] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 3), Bluetooth 3-Space Sensor, YEI | Unilateral: FA (near wrist), UA (near elbow), thorax (shifted to the right) Strap, bandage | Sh ROM (HT joint angles) | – | 12 gestures common in daily life: 3 static and 9 dynamic | HS (n = 10) 9 M, 1 F 22–24 Y | Evaluate accuracy, recall and precision of a gesture recognition system |
Burns 2018, [27] Full-Text | Acc and gyr built-in a smartwatch (n = 1), Apple Watch (Series 2 &3) | Unilateral: Wrist Wristband | Sh ROM | – | Pendulum AB Forward EL IR ER Trapezius EXT Upright row | HS (n = 20) 14 M, 6 F 19–56 Y | Evaluate performance of a commercial smartwatch to perform home shoulder physiotherapy monitoring |
Esfahani e Nussbaum 2018, [11] Full-Text | Textile sensors (printed) n = 11 | Bilateral: Shoulder (n = 6), low back (n = 5) Undershirt | Sh ROM, mean error = 9.6° for sh angle estimation | M-IMU (Xsens MTw Awinda) | Sh AB Sh FLX-EXT Sh IER Left/right side bending Trunk FLX-EXT Trunk rot left/right | HS (n = 16), 10 M, 6 F 21.9 ± 3.3 | Describe a smart undershirt and evaluate its accuracy in task classification and planar angle measures in the shoulder joints and low back |
Ramkumar 2018, [76] Full-Text | Acc,gyr and magn built-in a smartphone, Apple iPhone | Unilateral: UA, FA Armband | Sh ROM <5° | gon | AB (coronal plane) forward FLX (sagittal plane) IER (elbow fixed to the body flexed to 90°) | HS (n = 10) 5 M, 5 F Mean 27 Y | Validate a motion-based machine learning software development kit for shoulder ROM |