Associations of objectively measured total duration and maximum bout length of standing at work with lower-extremity pain intensity: a 2-year follow-up of construction and healthcare workers

Table 3 Associations between maximum bouts of static and dynamic standing (per 10 min) and average LEPi during follow-up (Approach 1)

	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3			Model 4
	Observations = 303/154/149			Observations = 297/153/144			Observations = 296/152/144			Observations = 293/151/142
	Coef.	95% CI	P-value	Coef.	95% CI	P-value	Coef.	95% CI	P-value	Coef.	95% CI	P-value
Static standing
All workers	0.30	−0.57,1.17	0.500	0.29	−0.60,1.17	0.524	0.33	−0.54,1.20	0.451	0.35	−0.53,1.23	0.437
Construction	1.50	0.40,2.59	0.007	1.21	0.09,2.32	0.034	1.14	0.02,2.27	0.047	1.23	0.12,2.33	0.030
Healthcare	−0.70	−1.99,0.60	0.292	−0.80	−2.18,0.58	0.258	− 0.70	−2.05,0.65	0.310	−0.77	−2.20,0.66	0.292
Dynamic standing
All workers	0.58	0.12,1.05	0.014	0.58	0.11,1.05	0.016	0.57	0.10,1.10	0.017	0.55	0.07,1.02	0.023
Construction	1.13	0.47,1.79	0.001	1.02	0.37,1.68	0.002	1.00	0.33,1.67	0.004	1.17	0.52,1.82	0.001
Healthcare	0.25	−0.41,0.91	0.458	0.21	− 0.51,0.92	0.570	0.25	−0.44,0.94	0.485	0.11	−0.61,0.83	0.761

Observations: total observations included in linear mixed models for all workers/construction/healthcare
Dependent variable: the average pain intensity from 6 months to 24 months follow-up (T2, T3, T4, T5)
Independent variables:
Model 1: Maximum bout with static or dynamic standing (minutes per work day)
Model 2: As model 1 + Age, Gender, Smoking, BMI
Model 3: As model 2 + Heavy lifting, Kneeling
Model 4: As model 3 + Social climate, Decision control, Fair leadership, Empowering leadership

ISSN: 1471-2474