Table 2 Proposed significance of biomarkers
Biomarker | Rationale Supporting Examination of Association with NSLBP |
|---|---|
hsCRP/CRP | ● hsCRP has been found to be associated with patients with osteoarthritis [29] ● It has also been found that individuals with acute sciatic pain also have elevated hsCRP levels [29] |
IL-6 | ● Previous research has shown that proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 may be involved in pain processes [31] ● IL-6 has been shown to modulate nociception and possibly contribute to intensifying pain experiences [31] ● Increased IL-6 levels have also been associated with greater pain severity in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia and postoperative procedures [31] |
TNF-α | ● Has been shown to have a role in pathophysiology of discogenic back pain and sciatica [25] ● Has been identified to use in possible treatment strategies of lumbar radicular pain [25] ● Previous studies have shown elevated TNF-α levels in individuals with NSLBP [26] |
IL-1β | ● Proinflammatory and pro-nociceptive cytokine [24] ● Has been shown to be involved in neurodegeneration, chronic inflammation and chronic pain [24] ● Has been shown to have increased levels in complex regional pain syndrome and chronic tension-type headache [30] |