Neurological (sensory abnormality and weakness) [5] | |
MRI findings (disc herniation, spondylosis, and number of levels involved) | |
Sickness absence [9] | |
Patient expectations [47] | |
Emotional distress | |
Fear-avoidance beliefs | |
Age | |
Gender | |
Smoking | |
Severity of primary outcome at the baseline | |
Primary outcome | |
Change in the primary outcome of the trial | |
Number of patients recovered (mean pain scores 0, 1, and 2) or reached the expected outcome at 52 weeks | |
Number of patients working full time at the 1-year mark (adjusted for absence at the baseline) |