Table 1 Material properties used in finite element model
Component | Young’s Modulus (MPa) | Poisson Ratio | Cross-Sectional Area(mm2) |
|---|---|---|---|
Vertebra | |||
 Cortical bone | 12,000 | 0.3 | - |
 Cancellous bone | 100 | 0.2 | - |
 Posterior element | 3500 | 0.25 | - |
 Sacrum | 5000 | 0.2 | - |
 Facet | 11 | 0.2 | - |
Disc | |||
 Endplate | 24 | 0.4 | - |
 Nucleus pulpous | 1 | 0.49 | - |
 Annulus ground substance | 2 | 0.45 | - |
 Annulus fibers | 360–550 | - | 0.15 |
Implants | |||
 Cage (titanium alloy) | 110,000 | 0.3 | - |
 Screws and rods (titanium alloy) | 110,000 | 0.3 | - |
 Bone graft | 100 | 0.2 | - |
 Porous part of cage | 675 | 0.3 | - |
Ligaments | |||
 ALL | 7.8 | - | 63.7 |
 PLL | 10 | - | 20 |
 LF | 15 | - | 40 |
 CL | 7.5 | - | 30 |
 ISL | 10 | - | 40 |
 SSL | 8 | - | 30 |
 ITL | 10 | - | 1.8 |