Authors, year, country | Participants, sex, age | LBP subtype | Measurement method | Results | Main findings | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  |  |  | LBP | CON |  |
Chan et al., 2012 [43], China | n = 24 (all M) 12 LBP: 36.6 ± 2.9 y 12 CON: 25.2 ± 1.1 y | Chronic LBP | STE (MF – L4) [kPa]: Resting Standing Forward stoop 25° Forward stoop 45° | 40.2 ± 5.0 67.2 ± 9.3* 101.2 ± 9.4* 127.1 ± 9.8* | 36.9 ± 4.8 54.2 ± 7.0 93.9 ± 14.0 108.1 ± 17.2 | Individuals with LBP have higher MF stiffness in standing and stooping. No differences were observed in resting stiffness. |
Masaki et al., 2017 [32], Japan | n = 32 9 LBP (1 M, 8 F): 44.7 ± 13.0 y 23 CON (8 M, 15 F): 34.7 ± 10.2 y | Chronic LBP | SWE [kPa]: ES: 7 cm lateral to L3 MF: lateral to L4 | 3.7 ± 1.1 5.6 ± 1.1* | 3.5 ± 1.1 4.8 ± 0.8 | Individuals with LBP have higher MF resting stiffness. No differences were observed for ES stiffness. |
Murillo et al., 2019 [44], United Kingdom | n = 30 15 LBP (7 M, 8 F): 29.4 ± 10.8 y 15 CON (8 M, 7 F): 26.7 ± 5.4 y | Chronic LBP | SWE [kPa]: SMF: L3 under TLF DMF: L3 over laminae A-SMF | 10.2 ± 4.2* 14.4 ± 2.6 N/A | 6.8 ± 1.7 15.4 ± 2.8 N/A | Individuals with LBP have higher resting stiffness of SMF, but not DMF. No differences were observed for SMF stiffness during contraction. |
Koppenhaver et al., 2020 [31], USA | n = 120 60 LBP (36 M, 24 F): 32.2 ± 7.3 y 60 CON (26 M, 34 F): 31.0 ± 8.0 y | Not defined | SWE [kPa]: ES: symptomatic level MF: symptomatic level or L4/L5 facet joint A-MF | 6.4 ± 3.4* 6.8 ± 3.2* 20.8 ± 10.8 | 4.5 ± 1.7 5.7 ± 2.0 22.6 ± 9.8 | Individuals with LBP have higher resting ES and MF stiffness. No differences were observed for MF stiffness during contraction. |
Pinto et al., 2022 [45], China | n = 151 78 LBP (32 M, 46 F): 46.0 y 73 CON (26 M, 52 F): 48.0 y | Chronic LBP | SWE [kPa]: MF: facet L4/L5 MF: facet L5/S1 | 43.3 ± 21.5 43.5 ± 21.2 | 41.3 ± 18.7 41.9 ± 19.4 | No differences were observed for resting SMF stiffness. |